Emma Cushman's girls assemble in the yard. Konia, c. 1919–1920.

Item Detail

Emma Cushman ran the Near East Relief work at Konia. When diplomatic relations broke, the government offered her safe conduct out of Turkey. She said she would go only if the same guarantee were given to every woman and girl in her care. It was refused, and she stayed for the duration. More than a hundred girls stand massed in the yard, the tallest at the back, with the day's washing on lines behind them. She had received her first adequate supplies in five years in 1919, from the first shiploads sent from America.

Context

Silas Hertzler (1888–1975) served in Syria from January 1919 to March 1920, first under the American Red Cross and, from 1 April 1919, under the American Committee for Relief in the Near East. He was one of seven young volunteers the Mennonite Relief Commission for War Sufferers sent on the relief ship Pensacola on 25 January 1919. After a few months in the Beirut transport department, he went to the Sidon district, where William Stoltzfus directed the work, and Hertzler was responsible for three hundred boys in the orphanage. Many of the children had been orphaned by the Armenian Genocide or by the wartime famine in Mount Lebanon. He taught at Goshen College from 1920 to 1958.

The collection draws on his loose prints and relief photograph album at Goshen College Archives. It records the Sidon orphanage and its trade shops, the Armenian refugee barracks at Aleppo, the Syrian Orphanage at Jerusalem, and the Antoura orphanage, where Ottoman authorities had tried to make Armenian children Turkish. Three portraits follow one girl, Miriam Moosa, from her arrival to six months later. Some prints show places he is not known to have worked, among them Konia and Smyrna.